Testosterone – Its Effects And Functions
Testosterone is a hormone belonging to the androgen group and is normally found in reptiles, mammals, animals, birds and other animals that are vertebrate.
Testosterone is a hormone belonging to the androgen group and is normally found in reptiles, mammals, animals, birds and other animals that are vertebrate. The function of this steroid hormone is very varied in mammals. It is secreted in the female ovaries and male testis but can also be secreted by the adrenal glands in small amounts. Being the main male sex hormone it plays a very important role in the growth and development of the primary male sex organs like prostate and testis. They also play a major role in promotion development of secondary sexual characteristics which normally includes hair growth, increase in bone mass and muscle tissue. Testosterone also plays a vital role in prevention of various bone related disorders like osteoporosis etc.
An average adult human male produces more than 10 times the amount of testosterone than an average adult human female. One of the major functions of this android hormone includes synthesis of protein and promotion of growth in tissues having androgen receptors. Moreover being an anabolic hormone it naturally participates in the building up of muscle and bone mass.
The physiological effect of testosterone hormone includes basically two different effects namely androgenic effect and anabolic effect. The anabolic effect comprise of increase in density of bone, development of muscle mass. , increase in strength, linear growth stimulation and maturation of bone. The second effect is the androgenic effect which consists of sex organs maturation, fetus development of penis and scrotum and after puberty developments which further includes growth of axillary hair and beard. Many of these developments and changes form a part of the secondary sex characteristics in males.
The various effects that a male body undergoes under the effect of testosterone can be classified according to the age and time duration of free testosterone circulation as well. According to age, the effects can be categorized into prenatal, early infancy, pre peri pubertal and pubertal. In the prenatal stage, the androgenic effects usually take place between seven and twelve weeks of gestation period. These effects include fusion of midline, thinning of scrotum, phallic enlargement and rogation. All these effects are a part of genital virilization. However these effects are more under the control of dihydrohestosterone than testosterone. The prenatal effects also include formation and development of seminal and prostrate vesicles. The identity of the gender is also finalized in this stage under the effect of testosterone.
The early infancy stage is still a mystery and very less is known about it. It stretches from the fourth to the sixth month and mainly comprises brain masculinization. This is again supervised by testosterone which gets aromatized into estrogen and enters the male brain by crossing the blood brain barrier. The female fetuses contain alpha fetoprotein which performs the function of binding estrogen and hence prevents the female brain from getting affected by it. The pre peri pubertal effects comprise of upper lip hair growth, growth spurt, appearance of pubic hair, acne, adult type body odour etc. The pubertal changes under the effect of testosterone consist of development of secondary sexual characteristics.
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